A Review System Based On Product Features In A Mobile Environment

With the rapid growth of the mobile commerce, firms have been trying to get their online channels optimized for the mobile devices. However, many contents on online shopping sites are still focused on a desktop PC environment. Especially, consumer reviews are difficult to browse and grasp via a mobile device. Usually, it is not helpful to simply reduce the size of fonts or photos to fit to mobile devices without a fundamental transformation of the review presentation. In this study, we suggest a feature-based summarization process of consumer reviews in mobile environment. Further, we illustrate an implementation of the process by applying opinion mining techniques to product reviews crawled from a major shopping site in Korean. Finally, a plan for a controlled laboratory experiment is proposed to validate the effectiveness of the suggested review framework in this study

Gene expression profiling in the lung tissue of cynomolgus monkeys in response to repeated exposure to welding fumes

Many in the welding industry suffer from bronchitis, lung function changes, metal fume fever, and diseases related to respiratory damage. These phenomena are associated with welding fumes; however, the mechanism behind these findings remains to be elucidated. In this study, the lungs of cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to MMA-SS welding fumes for 229 days and allowed to recover for 153 days. After the exposure and recovery period, gene expression profiles were investigated using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Human U133 plus 2.0. In total, it was confirmed that 1,116 genes were up-or down-regulated (over 2-fold changes, P < 0.01) for the T1 (31.4 ± 2.8 mg/m3) and T2 (62.5 ± 2.7 mg/m3) dose groups. Differentially expressed genes in the exposure and recovery groups were analyzed, based on hierarchical clustering, and were imported into Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to analyze the biological and toxicological functions. Functional analysis identified genes involved in immunological disease in both groups. Additionally, differentially expressed genes in common between monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure were compared using microarray data, and the gene expression of selected genes was verified by real-time PCR. Genes such as CHI3L1, RARRES1, and CTSB were up-regulated and genes such as CYP26B1, ID4, and NRGN were down-regulated in both monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure. This is the first comprehensive gene expression profiling conducted for welding fume exposure in monkeys, and these expressed genes are expected to be useful in helping to understand transcriptional changes in monkey lungs after welding fume exposure

Do Verified Consumer Reviews Affect Sales? An Empirical Analysis of Mixed Review Systems in the Film Industry

Consumers refer to reviews in online review systems to collect information for their purchasing decisions. Therefore, the introduction of ‘verified purchase badges’ in some review systems can make an interesting and dynamic impact on product sales. The main objective of this study is to find the differences in the effect of verified and non-verified purchase reviews on product sales from the perspective of WOM metrics (i.e., volume, valence, and helpfulness). Therefore, this study performs an empirical analysis by collecting 866,221 online movie reviews. The results show that volume and valence have a positive effect on the movie sale. However, two group analyses based on whether the ‘verified purchase badge’ or not show some contrasting results. Valence, helpfulness of verified reviews, and volume of non-verified reviews have positive effects on ticket sales. Furthermore, in terms of reviewers’ rating patterns, as the ratio of clusters with a high ratings pattern in the verified group and the ratio of clusters with a varied ratings pattern in the mixed group increase, the effect on sales also increases. Our results break the preconception that all verified purchase reviews always affect sales

Let Machines Unlearn – Machine Unlearning and the Right to be Forgotten

The era of machine learning has prospered quickly although it has rather a short history. Massive customization, which was considered as costly task, is now a concept applicable concept to literally anywhere, and individuals gain the advantage of convenience from such technologies. However, disadvantages of machine learning does exist. Specifically, the management of privacy data and handling of deletion requests of such data are the challenges facing machine learning. Consequently, a way to unlearn what have learnt by machines has been introduced: machine unlearning. Regarding the deletion of privacy data, the right to be forgotten is the right to support one’s informational autonomy by giving the decisive power to data providers. Though suggested recently, the importance of the right becomes greater, especially in European countries. In this emergent research forum study, we investigate the possible interplays between the right to be forgotten and machine unlearning, and explore future research direction

Alexa, Tell Me More: The Effect of Advertisements on Memory Accuracy from Smart Speakers

The smart speaker is currently one of the fastest-growing consumer technologies. As a result, more and more people are buying products through smart speakers. However, because voice commerce advertisements are not yet active, little is known about the effectiveness of smart speaker advertisements. This study assessed advertisement effectiveness using several distinctive features of the smart speaker: interactivity, contextually relevant advertisements, and voice changes. Study 1 illustrates that when users interact with an advertisement from the speaker, the effects of the advertisements are more significant than the effects of one-way advertisements, especially in the case of low involvement products. Study 2 further illustrated that contextually relevant advertisements increase the advertisement effectiveness from the smart speaker, while voice dissimilarity moderates the relationship between the contextual relevance and the effectiveness. These findings provide future directions for producing the new forms of advertisements and verifying advertisement effectiveness in the smart speaker environment

Do Mobile Devices Change Shopping Behavior? An Eye-tracking Approach

The proliferation of diverse mobile devices has had a significant impact on e-commerce. Due to the small size and ease of portability of mobile devices, mobile shopping is fundamentally different from traditional PC-based shopping. Existing studies based on survey methodology and clickstream data analysis have limitations in understanding shopping mechanism due to structural design and cognitive constraints of consumers. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the actual behavior of consumers in the processes from search to purchase in PC and mobile environment using Mobile Eye Tracker. Specifically, we will look at how attention decay changes in both environments, and how this varies with product placement and product type. Our findings will help us understand the different mechanisms for mobile and PC-based shopping. Also, these will help practitioners establish optimal product placement strategies based on the type of device and product

Establishment of a mouse model for pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by intratracheal instillation of polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate

Although several animal models have been developed to study human pulmonary fibrosis, lack of a perfect model has raised the need for various animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the pulmonary effect of polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate instillation into the lungs of mice to determine the potential of these mice as a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Intratracheal instillation of polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate induced severe lung inflammation manifested by the infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils and increased production of IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2 and CXCL1. The lung inflammation gradually increased until 28 days after polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate exposure, and increases of collagen deposition and TGF-β production, which are indicators of pulmonary fibrosis, were seen. Our study showed that intratracheal instillation of polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate induces pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice

Toxic response of HIPCO single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice and RAW264.7 macrophage cells

In this study, we identified the toxic response of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (P-SWCNTs) synthesized by HIPCO method in mice and RAW264.7 cells, a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line. P-SWCNT contained a large amount of Fe ion (36 wt%). In the lungs of mice 24 h after intratracheal administration, P-SWCNTs increased the secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1, and the number of total cells, the portion of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, also significantly increased at a 100 mg/mL of concentration. In RAW264.7 cells, cell viability and ATP production decreased in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h after exposure, whereas the generations of ROS and NO were enhanced at all concentrations together with the activation of the MAP kinase pathway. Moreover, the levels of both apoptosis-and autophagy-related proteins and ER stress-related proteins clearly increased, and the concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Zn ions, but not of Mn ions, increased in a dose-dependent manner. TEM images also revealed that P-SWCNTs induced the formation of autophagosome-like vacuoles, the dilatation of the ER, the generation of mitochondrial flocculent densities, and the separation of organelle by disappearance of the cell membrane. Taken together, we suggest that P-SWCNTs cause acute inflammatory response in the lungs of mice, and induce autophagy accompanied with apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, further study is required to elucidate how the physicochemical properties of SWCNTs determine the cell death pathway and an immune response. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate

The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank&rsquo;s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco&rsquo;s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS

Biodistribution and respiratory toxicity of chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone following intranasal and intratracheal administration

A variety of isothiazolinone-containing small molecules have been registered and used as chemical additives in many household products. However, their biodistribution and potential harmful effects on human health, especially respiratory effects, were not yet identified in sufficient detail. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a biocide comprising a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) could reach the lungs and induce lung injury when exposure occurs by two administration routes involving the respiratory tract: intratracheal and intranasal instillation. To investigate the biodistribution of CMIT/MIT, we quantified the uptake of 14C-labeled CMIT/MIT in experimental animals for up to seven days after intratracheal and intranasal instillation. In the toxicity study, lung injury was assessed in mice using total inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung histopathology. The results of the biodistribution study indicated that CMIT/MIT were rapidly distributed throughout the respiratory tract. Using quantitative whole-body autoradiogram analysis, we confirmed that following intranasal exposure, CMIT/MIT reached the lungs via the respiratory tract (nose–trachea–lung). After 5 min post intratracheal and intranasal instillation, the amount of radiotracer ([14C]CMIT/MIT) in the lungs was 2720 ng g−1 and 752 ng g−1 tissue, respectively, and lung damage was observed. A higher amount of the radiotracer resulted in higher toxicity. Both intratracheal and intranasal instillation of CMIT/MIT increased inflammatory cell counts in the BALF and induced injuries in the alveoli. The frequency and the severity scores of injuries caused by intratracheal instillation were approximately-four to five times higher than those induced by intranasal instillation. Therefore, we concluded that CMIT/MIT could reach the lungs following nasal and intratracheal exposure and cause lung injuries, and the extent of injury was dependent on the exposure dose